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Post by Thoithoi O'Cottage on Mar 2, 2015 15:43:39 GMT 5.5
Chapter 1 Aranba Wakhaldagi Thokpa Hingsha [HASH]1 African-American writer Langston Hughesna Africada hannaba Americabu aroiba oina thadokpa matamda faokhiba mathum marang houba, nungaiba adu maha mashana ijaba mashagi punsi wari The Big Sea (1940) da fongdok-i. Magi Americagi lairik (American book) pumnamak samudra da langthakhi, aduga hai: "Madu eigi thamoidagi chek million ama faklaga langthokkhibadouna yanggi." Mahak "Negro singgi mama leibak Africa" da hallibani. Yamna thunamak mahak "taseng tasengbadu ururani, shoklurani, pairurani, chumnagi madusingdugi maramda lairita paba nattana." Identity ama faojabasi, ishabu taseng tasengnamak kan kan laona faojaba asi nungngaiba amasung chaothokchanabakhakki maram natte, thouna, panggal amasung ishabu chetna thajajabagi maramsu oiba yai. Icham chamna yumlon keironnaba nunshibadagina yamna wangkhraba social capital amasung communitarian self-definition gi theory faobada identity haiba wakhallon asi asukki matik amanasu amanasu ingangda ngangngi, itada tai, masigi wakhallolsi asukki matik pak chaona pamnakhre haibasi tabada ubada ngakningai oide.
Adum oinamak, identity gi wafamna mi hatpadi ngammi, onthokla lakna fanaba ngamdana, ngaona feina hatpa ngamkhrabaniko. Karigumba kanglup amagi mi oiba, ateida nattana madukhaktada onthokna kanna napsingduna yaoduna leibagi wakhal ama pukningda faoba haibasida ayamba matamda ateidagi lapthokpa, ateidagi shettorakpa, khennarakpagi wakhal ama adum chennaraki. Kanglup amagi manunggi apunbana khanglup amaga atoppa kanglup amagagi marakta yanadaba purakpa ngammi. Eikhoida hektama hairakpa yai: eikhoisi chumnagi Rwandan natte, Hutu ni ("eikhoi Tutsi tukkachei"), natraga eikhoisi chumnagi Yugoslav natte, ashengba Serb ni ("Muslim haiba jatto sukhei hek heinadehe"). Eina angang oiringeida, 1940s da thokkhiba India amasung Pakistan khaidokpaga mari leinana Hindu-Muslim hatna-shunabagi thoudok adudagi January thada harao harao thamoi chaona leiramba meeoiba marakta yengthinabagi ihul ama kayagi matik angakpa fangda thuna shandokkhiduna July thada meeoibabu meenungshi yaodaba, hatpada halengdaba Hindu amasung Muslim ollakkhibage haiba ningshingba ngammi. Mioi lakh kaya ama hatpa tuppagi yathang pibasingna lamjingba, makhoi "mashagi meeyamgidamak" atoppa meeoisingbu hatpa meesinggi makhutta shikhi. Meena haibada irai laina hekta thajaganba meeyam amada yamna hei shingba kiyan khanghanba heiba meeoisingna akaknaba makhal amagi, yadragadi hekta hatlaga, shuraga loire haina touba makhal amagi identity bu namshinduna thajahanbadagi hinsha maton chonglaki. |
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Post by Thoithoi O'Cottage on Mar 2, 2015 16:31:48 GMT 5.5
[HASH]2 Ishagi identity faojaba asina yumlon keironnaba, meeoi furup amagi manung chanminnaba, lam amagi mee oiminnaba, laining laishol lambi tinnaba asinachingba kanagumba amana atoppasingga leinaba marigi mamanggal amasung madugi nungngaiba hengathanba ngammi. Eikhoina hingbada karigumba identity amada mai onshinbana eikhoi khudingma eikhoigi irannaigi oiba potna maruni khanba ishagita oiba wakhalda luppadagi thorak-handuna mee mayambu amana amagidamak thabak kaya tounaduna mee amaga amaga leinariba maridu yamna fagathanba yai. Ikui kuidringeida inakhiba, Robert Putnam amasung atei meeoi kayana maong tana thijin humjinkhiba "social capital" gi wakhallolna meeoi amana furup amattagi manungda hingminnaba atoppa meeoishingga identity mannarabadi maduna furup aduda hingminnariba mee khudingmakki punshi fagatlak-i, aduna kanglup amada yaoba tinbagi wakhalsi capital (shel thum) gumba lal amani haibasi yamna mayek lana utkhre. Mashigi bhav ashi yamna maru oi, adum oinamak wafam ashi atoppa bhava amana amuk ngakkhatkadabani madudi makhal amagi identity faobana meeoi kharabu taram taram konshinba adugumna atoppa meeoi kayabu tinnaba yadana inthok-i. Yamna tarot khadanana, chinna channana hingba, amana amagidamak angakpa fangna afaba touba, yamna apunbagi liching amada hingminnaba khunnai amada atoppa lamdagi laktuna hinlaba meeoishinggi mayumda nungna thajinba, ushit thouoidaba, kihan khanghanba kaya thokpa yai. Madi yaode, makhoidi yaorakpa yaroi haina inthokpa, mashigi fattaba ashiga madi yao-i, makhoi eikhoidi amattani haiba ashiga nak nak tana samaj amattada leiminnaba yai. |
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Post by Thoithoi O'Cottage on Mar 4, 2015 9:47:48 GMT 5.5
[HASH]3 Identity ga mari leinana muknabadagi thorakpa tougemak yaona tounaba hatna shunabagi thoudokshingshi ngasidi prithibida henna toina thokle. Rwanda amasung Congoda shakti paibagi khut (balance) hongkhre, adum oinama kanglup amana atoppa kanglup amada shingnaduna hat tuppa, hatna shunabagi thabakti adumman kanna chatthari. Jati khennababa amasung jatising nak nak tanaba-gi wakhallol sijinnabaga loinana Sudan-gi Islam gi identity bu thanggatpa, pakthok chaothokhannaba hotnaba, mee pak shanna khomba, atamnana mapanggal pishinba asina kharomgi militaryna kiningngai oina panba leibakta lakshillaba victim singbu padongba (rape) amadi hatpa tuppagi thabak kaya thokhalle. Israel amasung Palestine da identity-gi mukkhainaba makha chatthaduna kanglup amanasu amanasu amana amada hatlage tuplage haina hekta touduna adum leire. Al Qaeda-mak militant Islamic identity shagatpa amasung mashi maruoina nongchup leibakki meeshinggi mayokta shijinnaba haibashida yamna mapung oina leppani. |
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Post by Thoithoi O'Cottage on Mar 4, 2015 10:03:14 GMT 5.5
[HASH]4 Abu Ghraib tagibu oigera kadaidagibu oigera ningtamba amasung democracy gidamak lanthengnarunaba thakhiba America amadi England gi lanmishingna langi lanfa (bondi) shingbu "softening-up" (petthahanba) haina kouba thabak adu yamna shathina meeoibaga machat nattaba, meenungshi yaodaba maongda toubagi pao leppa leitana lakli. Yeknabagi lanmini chingnaba mee, nattraga sherannabani chingnaba meeshinggi mathakta mapan leitaba, afa apunnaba leitaba shakti chalaibana langi lanfa amasung makhoidubu faduna thamliba kangbu anigi marakta identity khennabagi mutthatpa yadana chingkhraba lei-i da chaoraba leikrak segak kaina maya laona kana chinghalli (makhoidi eikhoiga mannadaba jibani shini). Masina itat tattana, atoppa nakanda leiba meeoishinggi atoppa maong matoushing, makhoigi thoina mee shingnaba toudaba, athotpa mashak magun, makhoishu meeoiba haiba jiva kanglung asida eikhoigumna yaoribani haibanachingba pumnama ashi namhatkhi, lak-hatkhi. |
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Post by Thoithoi O'Cottage on Mar 5, 2015 22:59:32 GMT 5.5
[HASH]5 Amuktada Tongan Tonganba Groupsingda Yao-i Haiba KhangbaIdentity da yumfam oiraga khanba wakhalsi asuk fattaba maongda leithatpa, thektok thekching touba yarabadi masi karina fahangani, madu kadaida fanggani? General oina identity chingthokpa (invoke touba) thingnaba hotnabada masigi hidak asi hekta fangde. Identity haibasi hingbada nungngaiba amasung nungshinaba, chinna channanabagi maram amasu oi aduga hatna shunanaba, aki akhang thok-hannaba maram amashu oi, aduna identity hairaga pungpak pakna fattaba oina loubasu bhav tadaba oigani. Masigi mahutta, khatna cheinanaba shinba identity gi force pu amaga amaga afabada lamdannaba (competing) identity singgi shaktina thengnahanba yai haiba gyan ashida khongfam thamlaga lepkadabani. Masida eikhoi khudingmak meeoiba oibanina pak chaona iman mannaba amasung meepum khudingmakna amukta leiriba identity mayam mayam adu loina yaore. Masina meebu atoppa maong kayada makhal khaidoknabagi lambi leirak-i, amasung hairiba asina meebu makhal amattada khaidokpagi maongbu khatna cheinahanba, yanahandaba maongda shijinnaba adu thingba ngammi. |
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Post by Thoithoi O'Cottage on Mar 5, 2015 23:53:30 GMT 5.5
[HASH]6 Kigaligi laborer amabu mahak Hutuni atei ama natte haina namduna thajahanba amasung Tutsi shingbu hatningba pokhanba yai, adubu mahak ashi chumnagi Hutu khakta natte, Kigalian suni, Rwandan suni, African suni, laborer suni, meeoiba amasuni. Eikhoi khudingmakki identity mayam ama lei amasung hairiba identitysing ashigi implication (artha) marong marong long-i, yamna yammi haiba ashi khangjinbaga loinana identity mayam ashigi maraktagi karam karamba akaknaba kharana (hairibasimak nanthokpa ngamloidamakhei yamlibani) ateidagi henna maru oi, mari leinei amasung mating lei haiba adu leippada isha ishana apamba khanjaba (choice) ki achouba thoudang lei haiba asishu khangdaba yadabagi yamna maru oiba lei.
Wafam asi fana fajana mayek lai, bhav tabada aruba leite haina khalli, adubu mashina mittrang oina mabukningdi fajaba, fattabadi khandaba, adum oinamak foldi shathina yeikhai thingaiba, amang ata thok-hanba ngamba mateng kaya miyamna yamna ikai khumnaba intellectual thought-ki school kayagi wakhallonda hingba meeoi kayadagi fang-i. Hairiba meeoishing asigi marakta ma magi furupkidama khatthoklaba, furupki identity haibasi mapa leiba natte, mashina athoibani, furuptugi manungda hingliba meeshingna pokpada yaoraklaba, makhoina makhoigi motna lepchaba nattaba mashana oijaraba wani, meeshing aduna kari pamba amadi kari khanba ("recognition"--yamna pamnana shijinnaba concept ama pallabada) haiba amatta darkar oide haina yamna chetna leppa meeoishing, amashung prithibida hingliba meeyam ashibu khenna khennaba civilization gi tongan tonganba kakhal macha macha kaya thokna faklang khagatliba khongfam hongba naidaba cultural theorists shingshu yaoribani. |
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Post by Thoithoi O'Cottage on Mar 6, 2015 0:16:11 GMT 5.5
[HASH]7 Eikhoigi nungtigi punshida eikhoina ishabu makhal makha kayagi groupta yaoba oina ujei--eikhoi hairiba group pumnamak ashida tilli. Citizen oiba, leifam, kari lamdagino, nupara natraga nupira, kari kanglup (class) ki meeno, kari rajnitigi wakhallol chenba, kari shinfam paiba, kadaida kari karamba thabak touba, kari chinjak chaba, kari karina heinadaba, kari kari masanna pamba amadi sannaba, karamba music heinaba, samajgi kari kari touba, asinachingba mayam asina eikhoi khudingmakpu tongan tonganba group kayada yaohalli, tinhalli. Meeshak amana hairiba group khudungmak asida yaoba matamda, hairiba group khudingmak asina mangonda top toppa identity amamam pi. Hairiba tongan tonganba identitysing asigi maraktagi karigumba amattana mahak adugi amatta ngairaba identityni, mahak hairiba kanglup adukhaktada yao-i haina louba khak yaroi. |
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Post by Thoithoi O'Cottage on Mar 6, 2015 0:54:35 GMT 5.5
[HASH]8 Afa Apunnaba amasung NingtambamFurupki wakhal khanba (communitarian thinker) singna atei identitysingdagi thoidokpa identity adu khangbadubu isha ishak khangba kou-i, mashidi pamba pamdaba, amasung apam pamda khanbagi wa natte haina yetli. Adum oinamak, meeshak amana mahakna tilliba tongan tonganba groupshing adugi manungda karam karambada mahakna henna namna, changsinna tinbage, karam karambana mangonda henna maru oibage haibasi mahak mashana lepchagadaba (choice) natte, magi identity di hannana leirabani, madudi thiraga puthokkadabani (discover tougadabani), masidi pura mahoushada thokpa thouonggumbani (mashana leijaraba, nungdangni natraga nungthilni lepkadabada ngairabani) haibagi maongda thambasidi thajaba yamna wana thok-i. Tashengbadi, fonglamdabadi yai, adubu karam karamba natraga kari kariga tinnabaduda eikhoi henna yaoribage, karidana henna heikoigi pukning thamlibage (priority) haibasigi matangda eikhoi khudingmak lepnamak eina eina pambadu lepcharibani, khallibani aduga hinglibani. Eikhoina tilliba khenna khennaba group kaya kaya asigi manungda karam karambada henna lupchinsige, karam karambagi matungna henna insige, kari karina henna lumna maru oina loushige haiba ishana khanjaba amashung lepchaba ngamba ashi eikhoigi yamna maruoiba ningtamba amani, amashung mashibu eikhoina khangjaba, mamal leina louba, mashibu ngak shenjabagi achouba maram lei. |
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Post by Thoithoi O'Cottage on Mar 6, 2015 1:16:16 GMT 5.5
[HASH]9 Apamba khanba yai, mashigi ningtamba lei hairagasu eikhoina apamba khanbada athing arak leitabadi natte. Tashengnamak, apamba khanba haibashi oithokpa yabagi ngamkheigi manungda tougadabani. Identityga mari leinaba oithokpa yabashing adudi mashigi oithokpashing ashi natraga ashigishing ashi haina eikhoida piriba, shandokliba oithokpashing adu kari karino lepliba mee meedugi characteristics, ma magi fibamshing adugi makha polli. Toubatabu mashi yamna thoidok hendokpa fact amadi oide. Masidi field khudingmakta choice khudingmak mayoknabagi maong adumakni.Tashengbamak, punshigi jagah khudingmakta matam pumnamakta choice haibasi ma magi akaknaba ngamkheigi manungda khalli haiba ashidagi henna makhong oiba, universal oiba karigumba amatta leite. Khudam oina, eikhoina keithelda kari kari pot leishige haina firep louba matamda eikhoina kaya yamna chading touthokpa ngammi, kadaidagi henba yadabage haiba ngamkhei ama leiriba adu kaothokpa sukngam ngamde. Economists singna "budget constraint" haina kouba ashi mafam khudingmakta, pushigi jagah shinba thungna lei. Pot leiriba khudingmakna mana mana pamba adu leige haina lepchagadabani/khanjagadabani, maning tamjei hairagasu budget constraint (leibada kaithokpa peishagi ngamkhei) leite haibadi natte; hairiba apamba khanba ashi pot leirib mee meeduna ma magi thengnajaba/leijaba budget constraint adugi manungda tougadabani. |
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Post by Thoithoi O'Cottage on Mar 6, 2015 1:24:02 GMT 5.5
[HASH]10 Elementary economics ta chumba wafam adu yamna complex oiba political amasung societygi decision lourakpa matamdasu chum-i. Meeshak amabu (mashanasu ateinashu) litthokningai leitana French, Jewish, Brazilian, African American natraga (houjik houjik thokliba ujjar mela shabagi fibam ashida) Arab, natraga Muslim oina urabasu, karam karamba kanglupta mahak henna yaobage, karam karamba identityna magi punshida ateidagi henna maru oibage haiba adudi mahak mashana lepchagadabani. |
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